Wer als Ausländer längere Zeit in Russland lebt oder arbeiten möchte, kommt an einem Dokument nicht vorbei: der sogenannten „Grünen Karte“. Der offizielle Name lautet daktyloskopische Karte eines ausländischen Staatsbürgers (russisch: дактилоскопическая карта иностранного гражданина). Die grüne Farbe der Karte hat dem Dokument seinen umgangssprachlichen Namen gegeben – und sorgt für Verwirrung mit der US-amerikanischen Green Card, die etwas völlig anderes ist.
Was ist die Grüne Karte?
Die Grüne Karte ist eine laminierte Plastikkarte, die bestätigt, dass der Inhaber zwei Pflichtverfahren erfolgreich absolviert hat: die Daktyloskopie (Abnahme der Fingerabdrücke) und die Fotografierung. Beide biometrischen Daten werden in die Datenbank des russischen Innenministeriums (MVD) eingetragen. Behörden können den Karteninhaber damit jederzeit eindeutig identifizieren.
Wer braucht die Grüne Karte – und bis wann?
Die Fristen hängen vom Aufenthaltszweck ab:
- Arbeit: Innerhalb von 30 Kalendertagen nach der Einreise.
- Langfristiger Aufenthalt (Studium, Familienzusammenführung, RVP-Antrag usw.): Innerhalb von 90 Kalendertagen nach der Einreise.
Wer eine Aufenthaltserlaubnis (RVP) beantragen möchte, muss die Grüne Karte als Pflichtdokument vorlegen – ohne sie wird der Antrag nicht angenommen.
Wer ist von der Pflicht ausgenommen?
Nicht jeder muss die daktyloskopische Karte beantragen. Folgende Gruppen sind ausgenommen:
- Bürger der Republik Belarus
- Kinder unter 6 Jahren (ab 6 Jahren ist das Verfahren Pflicht)
- Ausländer mit gültiger RVP oder VNZh
- Anerkannte Flüchtlinge und Personen mit vorübergehendem Asyl in Russland
- Mitarbeiter diplomatischer Missionen und deren Familienangehörige
Schritt für Schritt: So bekommt man die Grüne Karte
- Medizinische Untersuchung: In einer akkreditierten Einrichtung (Prüfung auf Drogenkonsum, Tuberkulose, Lepra, Syphilis, HIV u. a.). Die Ergebnisse sind ein Jahr gültig.
- Dokumente zusammenstellen: Auslandsreisepass mit beglaubigter Übersetzung ins Russische, Migrationskarte, Meldebestätigung, Gesundheitszeugnis.
- Zum MVD oder Migrationszentrum: Dokumente werden geprüft, Foto und Fingerabdrücke abgenommen.
- Karte erhalten: Meist noch am selben Tag oder innerhalb weniger Werktage.
Gültigkeit und wichtige Besonderheiten
Die Grüne Karte ist 10 Jahre gültig. Wichtig: Damit sie aktiv bleibt, muss jedes Jahr eine neue medizinische Untersuchung durchgeführt werden. Ohne aktuelle ärztliche Bescheinigung gilt die Karte als ungültig.
Bei der Erneuerung nach 10 Jahren müssen die Fingerabdrücke nicht erneut abgenommen werden. Ausnahmen gelten bei Namensänderungen oder Handverletzungen, die die Fingerabdrücke verändert haben könnten.
Was passiert, wenn man die Frist verpasst?
Wer die vorgeschriebene Frist überschreitet, riskiert ernsthafte Konsequenzen: Die Migrationsbehörden können die Aufenthaltsdauer in Russland verkürzen. Nach einem Verstoß wird eine Frist von 3 Tagen zur Ausreise gesetzt.
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